Harry Potter: From Orphan to Wizard

How Many Movies and Books of Harry Potter Are There?

Harry Potter is an orphan who learns on his 11th birthday that he is a wizard. He is enrolled at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.

Harry’s parents perished at the hands of an evil dark wizard, but he lives with his uncaring and non-magical aunt and uncle. He is a lonely boy with blue eyes.

The first book

Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone is an enthralling start to the series. Rowling has been praised for creating well-rounded characters and a fully realized wizard universe that coexists with our own world.

The book follows orphan Harry Potter who lives with his abusive aunt and uncle. On his 11th birthday, he receives an invitation to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry from Rubeus Hagrid. There, he meets friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley who help him uncover clues about his illustrious birthright.

The second book

The second film in the series, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, follows Hogwarts students as they compete against rival wizarding schools. It also introduces Sirius Black, a deranged mass murderer who escapes from the wizard prison of Azkaban. He is pursued by swarms of dementors, creatures that feed on despair.

On his eleventh birthday, Harry learns of his true identity as a wizard celebrated in the magic world for vanquishing He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named as a baby. He is reunited with his relatives and lives at number four Privet Drive.

The third book

Harry Potter has inspired a generation of young readers and has become an international phenomenon. The series was adapted into eight films over 10 years, and the franchise has grossed over $7 billion worldwide.

Daniel Radcliffe starred as Harry Potter, with Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as his friends Ron and Hermione. Albus Dumbledore was portrayed by Richard Harris in the first two films, and Michael Gambon from the third onwards. Hedwig was played by a voice actress.

The fourth book

Harry returns for his fourth year at Hogwarts and faces danger from dark wizard Voldemort. He forms a close friendship with fellow student Hermione Granger, a clever and independent witch of non-magical parentage. They become rivals with rich pure-blood student Draco Malfoy. Harry also discovers he has a gift for speaking the snake language Parseltongue.

Rowling expanded the series with two short books produced for charities, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages. She also wrote a play based on the book The Cursed Child.

The fifth book

As school starts back up, Harry Potter fans are likely thinking about revisiting the beloved series. However, they should know that there are a number of differences between the books and films.

For example, the first film only covers the first year at Hogwarts. The book goes much deeper into the story of a gifted 11-year-old orphan who discovers that he is a wizard and must battle an evil wizard. The film also omits some characters, including Dumbledore and Ludo Bagman.

The sixth book

The sixth book of the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, picks up where the Goblet of Fire left off. The film version of the book follows Harry as he learns that he is not just a normal boy, but a wizard celebrated in the magic world for defeating He Who Must Not Be Named as a baby.

He meets new friends, including Professor Remus Lupin and the Weasley twins, and he is tasked with taking part in the second Triwizard Tournament. However, things start to change when the worlds of magic and Muggle start to intertwine.

The seventh book

After learning that his parents were murdered by Voldemort, Harry Potter begins to suspect that he is a wizard. His suspicions are confirmed on his 11th birthday when he discovers that he is a wizard celebrated in the magic world for defeating He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named as a baby.

The seventh book in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, brings the story to a dramatic and satisfying close. During this final chapter, Harry and his friends must destroy the Horcruxes in order to defeat Voldemort.

The eighth book

After living in a cupboard under the stairs his whole life, at the age of 11, Harry Potter learns that he is actually a wizard. He meets a half-giant named Hagrid, who invites him to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.

There are seven core books in the Harry Potter series, plus three supplementary or extended universe books and one play. The books cover Harry’s journey through the Hogwarts school years. They are filled with magic, adventure, and love.

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The Thrilling World of Powerball: An Online Adventure

Exploring the Fascinating World of 파워볼사이트

It’s undeniable! Most of us love excitement to spice up our day-to-day lives, and what better way to get your pulse racing than with 파워볼사이트?

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If you’re new here, 파워볼사이트 refers to an online platform for playing Powerball, an incredibly popular lottery game celebrated globally. This excitement-loaded game lets you put your predictions to the test, with lucrative rewards and a thrilling experience on offer.

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Unveiling the Potential of 에볼루션 알값: Korea’s Crypto Ticket

What is 에볼루션 알값?

Do you ever consider unconventional ways to generate finances? Welcome to the exciting world of cryptocurrency. By the time you finish reading, you’ll have a firm understanding of the popular Korean cryptocurrency, 에볼루션 알값. It’s a concept that might stretch your understanding at first but stick with me, and the fog will clear.

Digging Into 에볼루션 알값

What is 에볼루션 알값 (Evolution egg value)? Simply put, it’s a digital asset that belongs to the cryptocurrency realm. It operates on powerful encryption techniques to regulate how transactions are processed and how additional units are produced. Users can opt to buy, sell, or store their 에볼루션 알값 at its current value and trade at their discretion. Like buying stocks or other types of investments, the goal is to buy low and sell high. Isn’t this a concept that appeals to the financial strategist in all of us?

How Does 에볼루션 알값 Work?

Nothing gets more convenient than having the flexibility to manage your wealth through different mediums. 에볼루션 알값 facilitates precisely that. It operates on a decentralized system meaning it’s not controlled by any financial institution or government. Picture being your bank and setting your financial goals! Wouldn’t that be a novelty?

The Pros and Cons of 에볼루션 알값

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Is 에볼루션 알값 Worth It?

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Besides its current market appeal, 에볼루션 알값’s encryption technology offers an added layer of security, making it an attractive option for potential investors.…

The Powerhouse of Major League Baseball

Unfolding the MLB중계: An Inside Perspective of Major League Baseball

The Powerhouse Called MLB중계

First things first, what does MLB중계 suggest to you? For the ones who inhale and exhale Baseball, it’s none other than Major League Baseball (MLB). It’s the equivocal heart, the pulse of American sports. MLB중계 symbolizes excellence and everything Baseball for the devotees. So, why is it considered a powerhouse? Well, we are about to demystify that for you.

MLB중계: More Than Just A Sporting Event

Conclusion

Frequently Asked Questions:

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A1: MLB중계 refers to the broadcast of Major League Baseball games.

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Thrilling and User-Friendly 파워볼사이트: A Winning Gaming Experience

Exploring the Fascinating World of Powerball Site

Dive into the exhilarating world of ! It’s a mesmerizing blend of exciting thrill, fun-filled entertainment, and of course, massive winning opportunities. But what truly makes it such a hit amongst the gaming aficionados? Let’s explore!

Understanding 파워볼사이트

Ever found yourself wishing for an exciting game that blends the dynamic roulette with the unpredictability of lotto? Well, that’s precisely what brings to the table! It’s a lottery-style game that promises the entertainment of slot machines, the chills of roulette, and the sweat-dripped suspense of watching the numbers roll on your ticket.

A World of Thrill

Imagine the adrenaline spraying through your veins as you watch the power-packed ball spin and roll. Each spin filled with possibility, each number a potential ticket to a fortune! This delightful suspense is what keeps players hooked to for hours on end.

Navigating the 파워볼사이트

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Surviving the Canadian Wilderness with Only a Hatchet

Hatchet Movie Review

Thirteen-year-old Brian Robeson, whose parents are getting divorced, boards a single-engine plane to visit his father in the Canadian wilderness. But during the flight, the pilot suffers a heart attack and dies. Brian crash-lands in a lake and survives using only the hatchet his mother gave him before he left.

The story

Adapted from the novel Hatchet by Gary Paulsen, this movie is a survival story about a thirteen year old boy who gets stuck in the Canadian wilderness. This is the first of five books in the series and it follows Brian on his adventure to survive.

The story starts with Brian traveling by plane to visit his dad. On the way, the pilot has a heart attack and dies leaving Brian stranded in the wilderness with only a hatchet to help him stay alive.

For the next 54 days, Brian uses various survival strategies such as trial and error and positive thinking to stay alive in the wild. He also learns to build shelter and fight off hungry animals until he is rescued. This story is full of adventure around every corner and will keep you on the edge of your seat. It is a great survival story for people of all ages. It also helps teach you about survival techniques and how to be prepared for emergencies.

The characters

The story in hatchet revolves around a 13 year old kid named Brian Robeson. He is on his way to see his dad in Canada when his plane crashes in a lake. Now Brian must learn to survive in the wilderness.

Before the trip, Brian’s mother gives him a hatchet as a present. She knows that her son and his father are having problems and she hopes that this gift will help them come closer together.

While boarding the plane, Brian talks to the pilot and they have a short conversation. But during the flight, the pilot has a heart attack and the plane crashes in a lake. Now Brian is alone in the wilderness with only a hatchet and some supplies. The hatchet was a lifesaver for Brian, and he even used it to signal the plane for help. It is a great story about a boy and his survival in the wild. It shows that if people try their best, they can get through anything.

The setting

In the movie Hatchet, 13-year-old Brian Robenson is flying to visit his father in Canada. But on the way, the pilot of the single engine plane has a heart attack and dies. The plane crashes in the Canadian wilderness, and Brian is forced to survive alone. Fortunately, he has the hatchet his mother gave him before he left.

Brian’s survival in the wilderness is a story of determination and perseverance. He uses the hatchet to make a fire and to find food and water. Eventually, he manages to build a shelter and protect himself from the elements. This is a great example of how books and movies can be used to teach students about life skills. This is a PowerPoint that compares the book Hatchet and its movie adaptation, A Cry in the Wild. The slides include 20 statements that students have to identify as applying to the book, the movie, or both. This is a great way to help students practice their essay writing skills.

The theme

The theme of this story is one of survival. Brian must fight for his life in the wilderness after his plane crashes, and he learns a lot about himself along the way. He learns that hope can be everything and that it is important to keep trying even when things seem impossible. He also learns that he needs to be resourceful and creative in order to survive in the wilderness.

He must rely on himself to make a shelter and find food. For example, he eats a skunk, even though he initially finds the idea repulsive. This teaches him that he must be willing to adapt to the situation and overcome his own prejudices in order to stay alive.

Gary Paulsen drew upon his own experiences as a wilderness guide and dog sled racer to create this realistic fiction novel. His book Hatchet has been widely praised for its ability to keep the reader on the edge of their seat and is a testament to his belief in the importance of self-reliance.

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Documentary Books: Exploring the Relationship Between Film and Photography

What is a Documentary Book Called?

Taking an intermedial approach, this book explores documentary film’s complex relationship to photography. Examining art documentaries that address painting, sculpture, and photography, it reveals how film reframes other visual arts in order to articulate new experiences of reality and history.

Beyond Bias identifies the hysterical discourse prolific in conservative documentary film and media more generally. It shows how this discourse conflates form with content and reduces complex political issues to moral dichotomies.

Definitions

A valuable reference for understanding documentary filmmaking and activism, this book addresses the complex relationship between political ideas and documentary production. It uses film studies, cultural theory and social change to understand how documentary media articulates new forms of collective struggle.

Bringing together an international range of scholars and filmmakers, this book explores the rich variety of contemporary art documentaries. It shows how a medium such as film can reframe other visual arts and opens up critical issues of global art worlds, the discourse of the artist and intermediality.

Rather than a Griersonian paradigm of representation, this collection explores the ways in which documentaries may offer composed transformative experiences that remind us of our mortality – and therefore the importance of living our lives well. With contributions ranging from celebrity voice over to ventriloquism, from posthumanist politics to rockumentary screams, this book offers a groundbreaking approach to documentaries and their voices.

Origins

Many documentary filmmakers draw inspiration from books. These include books based on true events and novels that are a combination of fiction and nonfiction. This genre is sometimes called docufiction.

This book examines the ways in which documentary films rely on rhetoric to construct their arguments and point of view. It also explores the role of images and voices in these films.

Drawing on detailed onsite observation and analysis of film production and circulation practices, this study demonstrates how independent documentary has evolved into a tactic that contests dominant definitions of cinema and media culture and offers an alternative model of social change. It argues that the emergence of independent documentary is a response to neoliberal economic systems and globalising cultural flows. It is a strategy that is informed by and embedded within an ethical premise.

Functions

In a media culture suffused with competing truth claims, documentary is uniquely positioned to challenge and inspire. This book explores the diverse functions of documentary film, from Robert Flaherty’s pioneering ethnographic film Nanook of the North to Michael Moore’s anti-Iraq War polemic Fahrenheit 9/11, from Dziga Vertov’s artful Soviet propaganda Man with a Movie Camera to Luc Jacquet’s heart-tugging wildlife epic March of the Penguins.

Drawing on a range of research fields, including cinema studies, social history and cultural theory, this book offers fresh perspectives on documentary’s many aesthetic, industrial, geographic and historiographical dimensions. It also examines the changing roles of the documentarian and argues that documentary is a form of activism.

Techniques

Documentaries about the visual arts are increasingly prevalent yet receive little scholarly attention. This book offers new insights into the rich variety in form and content of contemporary art documentary.

Using a transdisciplinary approach, it examines the ways in which film can reframe other media practices such as painting, sculpture, photography and performance art. It also provides new perspectives on intermediality and the role of the viewer in the process of interpreting the visual arts through film.

In addition to providing a detailed overview of the documentary filmmaking process, this book offers pragmatic advice for the creation of successful documentary works. It outlines the process of finding, sourcing and licensing third-party materials, and discusses the complex issues of rights management for media makers. It is a must-read for documentary producers, scholars and students.

Media

The contributions in this collection seek new formulations for ideas and practices within documentary media that respond critically to recent political, socio-historical, environmental, and representational shifts. They explore a wide range of topics, including documentary exhibitions, night photography, drone imagery, art documentaries, mobile media, nonhuman creative practices, and sound art.

This book charts the development of independent documentary in India, analyzing practices and discourses that challenge prevailing definitions and functions. It examines the role of filmmakers, audiences and institutions, and highlights how independent documentary is reorganising cultural production in neoliberal economies.

Using a range of film analyses and concepts drawn from philosophy, sociology, history and political theory, this study shows how documentary forms a unique nexus between aesthetics and politics. It demonstrates how activists can leverage documentary film as a means of communicating their concerns to wider society.

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Twisted crimes, unsolved mysteries, and chilling suicides: Netflix’s top documentary series.

Top 3 Documentary Series on Netflix

From twisted true crime to nature documentaries, Netflix has some riveting on-demand content. From ‘did they do it?’ mysteries to shocking history, these are some of the best documentary series you can binge-watch right now.

Shaping a documentary narrative can be tricky as the footage often speaks for itself. However, using the three-act structure can help you map out the journey and ensure your story is engaging.

Lori Vallow

Lori Vallow, a former beauty pageant winner and TV game show contestant, is serving life in prison after pleading guilty to the murder of her two children and her co-conspirator Chad Daybell. She also faces a murder charge in Arizona where she and her brother conspired to kill their fourth husband, Charles Vallow.

The pair became enthralled with religious extremism after meeting at a Utah conference and began preaching that only the 144,000 faithful would be saved from the coming apocalypse. They identified family and friends as “dark spirits” who needed to be killed. One by one, they were taken out.

At her sentencing, Vallow’s only surviving son, Colby Ryan, spoke about the many lies his mother told him as members of his family were murdered one by one. The documentary is a disturbing glimpse of an unhinged mind.

JonBenet Ramsey

When 6-year-old beauty queen JonBenet Ramsey disappeared from her Boulder home on Dec 26, 1996, police suspected her parents John and Patsy. Their suspicions were fueled by a three-page ransom note and a bloody knife. The girl’s body was found hours later in the basement, bound and strangled with a garrote made from a knotted white rope and one of her mother’s paintbrushes. She had a fractured skull and sexual assault marks.

The case generated worldwide attention and led to the vilification of the Ramsey family. But new DNA tests cleared them in 2008, and the couple’s New York Times bestseller and sitdown with Barbara Walters reassured the public that they were not responsible for their daughter’s death. Lou Smit, who took over the investigation from the original detective, revisits the case with his son and daughter and members of the Ramsey family to hear their thoughts on what really happened. He also discusses how advances in crime scene testing may shed light on the murder that remains unsolved to this day.

The Chundawats

When two carpenter brothers moved into a house in Burari, Delhi, they drew suspicion from the neighbors and their community. It wasn’t long before 11 family members, ranging in age from 15 to 80, were discovered dead inside their home in what was a suspected mass suicide that seemed to go wrong.

Leena Yadav began investigating the case, and soon she was convinced that there was more to the story than what had been reported. She uncovered security footage and notes in 11 diaries kept over the course of 11 years. She also found that the Chundawats didn’t expect to die and believed they would emerge stronger after their ritualistic hanging.

Police haven’t been able to prove that the family was in contact with a self-styled godman who is known as Bidiwale Baba, but they still haven’t ruled out the possibility of supernatural causes. The case is being portrayed in Netflix’s three-part documentary, House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths.

The Bling Ring

The Bling Ring was a group of teenagers who raided celebrity homes, sparking a media frenzy and eventually arrests. Now, two members of the gang speak out for the first time since their convictions.

Rachel Lee and Nick Prugo went to school together at Indian Hills, an alternative high school in Calabasas. They were fascinated with celebrity culture and figured they could steal from the wealthy residents of their affluent neighborhood.

Prugo says he was “inspired by the reality show Pretty Wild” and believed that stealing from celebrities would be easy. He pleaded no contest to burglarizing Lindsay Lohan, Audrina Patridge and Orlando Bloom and served one year of his two-year sentence.

His partner in crime, Alexis Neiers, was featured on the E! show Pretty Wild along with her friend Tess Taylor. She’s now a life coach and married. The pair was also featured in Sofia Coppola’s 2013 satirical movie The Bling Ring, starring Israel Broussard, Katie Chang and Emma Watson.

…

The Compassionate Nurses: A Powerful Portrayal of the First AIDS Ward in America.

5B: The AIDS Documentary – Directed by Paul Haggis and Dan Krauss

Director Dan Krauss and co-producer Paul Haggis have crafted an effective tearjerker about the nurses of San Francisco General Hospital’s 5B, the first AIDS ward in America. The film reveals how they provided radical compassion to their patients at a time when many others shunned them.

The film features a mix of archive footage and present-day talking heads, including Morrison and several surviving 5B patients. The nurses set aside clinical detachment and embraced their patients, even touching them to comfort them at a time when doctors still didn’t know how HIV was spread.

What is 5B?

Directors Paul Haggis and Dan Krauss aim straight for the tear ducts in their deeply moving portrait of 5B, a trailblazing San Francisco hospital ward that pioneered more humane methods of nursing AIDS patients during the disease’s paranoid 1980s zenith. While some of the nurses interviewed recall initial reluctance to deal with the sufferers, the film shows how they reset standard boundaries for clinical detachment and eschewed alarmist precautions like hazmat suits in favor of letting their patients’ human needs take center stage.

The saga is conveyed through first-person testimony from nurses and caregivers who built and ran the ward. Cliff Morrison, Alison Moed Paolercio, and a host of others speak about how they embraced their charges as people, not patients. They even threw jolly ward parties and morale-boosting Sunday brunches, turning what had become an ominous morgue into a healing community.

What is the story of 5B?

The ravages of the AIDS crisis and its victims have been well documented in film, but the heroic efforts of the hospital staff in 5B have not. Co-directors Paul Haggis and Dan Krauss gather first-person oral history and extensive archival footage in this stirring collection, which honors the renowned ward established in 1983 at San Francisco General Hospital.

5B’s nursing staff, including such familiar faces as Cliff Morrison and David Denmark, created a culture of care that went beyond providing medical treatment. They threw parties, served Sunday brunches and touched their patients without gloves, all at a time when the disease was still considered airborne and infectious. They even let the patients decide who they deemed family, defying the protocols that kept partners and friends from visiting their dying loved ones.

The resulting documentary is both unsettling and inspiring, with a few moments of manipulation thrown in for good measure (for example, the fate of a nurse who contracted AIDS is withheld). But the heartbreaking, heroic story at its core is powerful.

What is the message of 5B?

Featuring the voices of nurses and caregivers (including Cliff Morrison, Alison Moed Paolercio and David Denmark) who worked in 5B, the film evokes the fear and despair of the early days of the AIDS epidemic. In an era when doctors didn’t know how the virus spread and many of those who were diagnosed died within months, the staff in 5B focused on lifting spirits and lessening suffering.

Haggis and Krauss occasionally use tactics that smack of melodrama, such as the ominous sounding music that accompanies archive footage of darkened hospital corridors, or teasing viewers about what happened to a nurse who contracted HIV through an accidental needlestick or about the fate of a patient whose lifelong partner succumbed to AIDS. But, for the most part, the directors’ eloquent simplicity lets the testimony of their interview subjects and their archival footage speak for itself.

Despite the devastating subject matter, 5B is ultimately an inspirational story of everyday heroes. It reminds us that compassion is more powerful than hatred and that love can conquer even the most ravaged bodies.

What is the conclusion of 5B?

With its mix of straight-for-the-tears interviews and evocative archival footage, 5B is an inspirational reminder that compassion is bigger than hate and Hallmark. Moreover, it’s a tribute to the nurses who built the first AIDS ward at San Francisco General Hospital in 1983 and established a model for caring for AIDS patients that’s both medically sound and humane.

A few of the interviewees—notably David Denmark and Alison Moed Paolercio—convey a sense of how hard it was to work with these patients, who were so sick and scared. Their suffering and loss were real, but the staff tried to lift spirits and lessen their pain with the tools they had available at a time when the disease was still misunderstood.

Haggis and Krauss’ approach sometimes feels manipulative, including withholding Magee’s fate until late in the film and dangling the fate of another participating nurse as a kind of narrative curveball. But it’s an important story, and this is a well-told version of it.

…

Book Bans and Challenges: Threats to Freedom of Speech

Documentary About Book Bans and Book Challenges

Documentaries typically involve a real-life situation with actual witnesses. But a documentary can also be about a fictional or imaginary event.

While freedom of speech is a fundamental right in the United States, some people still try to ban books from schools and libraries because they don’t like the content. This is called censorship.

What is a book ban?

A book ban occurs when a book is removed from a library or school due to an objection from individuals with authority. It may be a formal legal prohibition, as in Tennessee’s 1925 law prohibiting the teaching of evolution or the more informal pressure from groups like the McCarthy era or students who asked teachers to drop communist or socialist books from their courses.

A banned book can also be an outright censorship enacted by government bureaucrats or dictators such as in the People’s Republic of China, Nazi Germany, and the Soviet Union where the possession of banned books could lead to imprisonment or even execution. But a ban is not the same as curation, which is common practice in libraries and schools through regular best practices of collection maintenance and weeding. This is different from the political stance of conservatives that equate a lack of explicit graphic content with a ban, or progressives who blacklist books they dislike, as demonstrated by California Governor Gavin Newsom’s recent picture in a cafe with Toni Morrison’s Beloved and To Kill a Mockingbird on the table.

What is a book challenge?

A book challenge occurs when an individual or group requests that a library, school, bookstore or publisher remove books from the shelves because they object to their content, ideas or themes. Challenges can be initiated by parents, religious/political groups, teachers and elected officials.

ALA’s Office for Intellectual Freedom compiles lists of challenged books each year in order to inform the public about censorship efforts that impact libraries and schools. While these lists do not represent a complete picture of challenges since many are not reported to OIF or covered by the media, they can provide a snapshot of trends over time.

While there has been progress in publishing more diverse books, recent trends in book challenges and bannings threaten to undermine these gains. You can help fight this by advocating for diversity in your local communities, schools and libraries by raising awareness about book challenges and educating others on what censorship is. Banned Books Week, an annual event that takes place the last week of September, is a great opportunity to do this.

What is a library ban?

A book ban is when an objection to the content of a book results in that book being removed from classroom and school library bookshelves. It does not apply to cases where a book is withdrawn following best practices of collection maintenance and “weeding” that are content-neutral.

Activists and parents have taken up the cause of banning books that they believe don’t reflect their worldview or that allegedly promote “anti-family” behavior. They are attempting to impose their views on the rest of the country, regardless of whether those views align with those of the majority.

Grassroot organizers are responding to these attempts to restrict access to the full range of literary options. They are putting banned books in Little Free Libraries, holding book giveaways, and organizing school and district-wide campaigns to restore access to the titles that have been targeted by local and state officials. This is censorship, and it is dangerous to our democracy.

What is a school ban?

A school ban is when a book or books are restricted from classroom and library shelves, either permanently or temporarily, following a formal challenge to the material. This type of restriction, which is documented in PEN America’s first edition of Banned in the USA (April 2022), violates procedural best practices and limits librarians and teachers’ professional autonomy.

Increasingly, these challenges are being made not by individuals acting alone but by political and advocacy groups with national and state-level reach. In the past year, PEN America has identified at least 50 such organizations with national, regional, and local chapters, many of which actively publicize their efforts to pressure schools to restrict and ban books.

These campaigns often include a drive to change the legal definition of obscenity, meaning that a single phrase or image could be enough to put a book in jeopardy of removal. In addition, they target books featuring characters of color, LGBTQ+ themes, and nonfiction histories on civil rights movements and Supreme Court justices.…